Jensen this is such an honor thank you for being here I'm delighted to be here thank you in honor of your return to Stanford I decided we'd start talking

Jensen，非常荣幸你能来，谢谢你。我很高兴来到这里，谢谢你。为了纪念你重返斯坦福，我决定我们从你第一次离开的时候开始聊。

about the time when you first left you joined LSI logic and that was one of the most exciting companies at the time you're building a phenomenal reputation

你加入了LSI logic，那是当时最令人兴奋的公司之一，你正在建立非凡的声誉。

with some of the biggest names in Tech and yet you decide to leave to become a Founder what motivated you uh uh Chris and Curtis Chris and

与科技界一些最大牌的公司合作，然而你却决定离开去成为一名创始人，是什么激励了你？嗯，Chris和Curtis，Chris和

Curtis uh uh I was an engineer at LS logic and Chris and Curtis were at Sun and I was working with with uh some of

Curtis，嗯，我在LS logic做工程师，Chris和Curtis在Sun工作，我和一些

the brightest Minds in computer science at the time of all time uh including andyto shim and others uh building building workstations and Graphics workstations and so on so forth and uh

计算机科学领域最聪明的人一起工作，包括andyto shim等人，我们正在构建工作站和图形工作站等等。

Chris and Curtis uh uh said one day that they like to leave some son and they like uh me to go figure out what they're

Chris和Curtis，嗯，有一天他们说他们想离开Sun，他们想让我去弄清楚他们

going to go leave four and and um I had a great job but they they insisted that I uh figure out you know with them how to how

要离开去做什么，嗯，我有一份很好的工作，但他们坚持让我和他们一起想办法，如何

to build a company and so so we hung out at Denny when whenever they Dro by and and uh uh which was which is by the way

创办一家公司，所以我们经常在Denny's聚会，每当他们路过的时候，顺便说一下，

my alma marter my my first company uh you know my first job before for before CEO was a was a dishwasher and so and and I did that very

我的母校，我的第一家公司，嗯，你知道，在成为CEO之前，我的第一份工作是洗碗工，我做得非常

well and and so anyways uh we got together and and we we DEC and it was during the the microprocessor Revolution this is 1993 and and 1992 when we were

好，不管怎样，我们聚在一起，我们成立了DEC，那是在微处理器革命期间，这是1993年，1992年我们

getting together the PC Revolution was just getting going you you know that Windows 95 obviously which is the Revolutionary version of Windows uh didn't even come to the market yet and

聚在一起的时候，PC革命才刚刚开始，你知道，Windows 95显然是Windows的革命性版本，但那时还没有上市，

Pentium wasn't even announced yet and so and this is this is all before the right before the PC Revolution and it was it was pretty clear that that uh the

Pentium甚至还没有发布，所以这一切都发生在PC革命之前，很明显，

microprocessor was going to be very important and we we thought you know why don't we build a company uh to go solve problems that a normal computer that is

微处理器将变得非常重要，我们想，为什么不创办一家公司来解决普通计算机无法解决的问题，

powered by general purpose Computing can't and and so that that became the company's Mission uh to go to go build a computer uh the type of computers and

由通用计算驱动的计算机无法解决的问题，这成为了公司的使命，去建造一种计算机，这种计算机

solve problems that normal computers can't and to this day uh we're focusing on that and if you look at all the the problems that that um and the markets

能够解决普通计算机无法解决的问题，直到今天，我们仍然专注于这一点，如果你看看所有这些问题，以及市场

that we opened up as a result uh it's you know things like uh computational drug design um uh weather simulation materials design these are all things

我们因此打开的市场，你知道，比如计算药物设计、天气模拟、材料设计，这些都是

that we're really really proud of uh robotics uh self-driving cars uh autonomous autonomous uh software we call artificial intelligence and then all you know of course uh we uh we drove

我们真正引以为豪的事情，机器人、自动驾驶汽车、自主软件，我们称之为人工智能，当然，我们推动了

the the uh U the techn techology so hard that that eventually the computational cost uh uh went to approximately zero and then enabled enabled a whole new way

技术发展得如此之快，最终计算成本降到了接近零，然后开启了一种全新的方式

of developing software where the computer wrote the software itself artificial intelligence as we know it today and so so I that was that was it

开发软件，让计算机自己编写软件，这就是我们今天所知道的人工智能，所以，就是这样。

that was the journey yeah thank you all for coming well these applications are on all of our minds today but back then the CEO of LSI logic

这就是这段旅程，是的，谢谢大家来。这些应用今天都在我们的脑海中，但那时LSI logic的CEO

convinced his biggest investor Don Valentine to meet with you he is obviously the founder of seoa yeah now I can see a lot of Founders here edging

说服了他最大的投资者Don Valentine来见你，他显然是seoa的创始人，是的，现在我可以看到很多创始人在这里翘首以盼

forward in anticipation but how did you convince the most sought-after investor in Silicon Valley to invest in a team of firsttime Founders building a new

期待，但你是如何说服硅谷最受欢迎的投资者投资一个由首次创业的创始人团队，正在构建一个全新的

product for a market that doesn't even exist I I didn't know how to write a business plan and and uh uh so I went to a went

产品，面向一个甚至还不存在的市场？我不知道如何写商业计划书，嗯，所以我去了一个

to a book bookstore and back then there were bookstores and and and um in the business book section there was this book and it was written by somebody I

书店，那时候还有书店，嗯，在商业书籍区有一本书，是我认识的某个人写的，

knew Gordon Bell and this book I should go find it again but it's a very large book and the book says how to write a

Gordon Bell，这本书我应该再去找找，但它是一本很大的书，书上说如何写

business plan and and that was you know a highly specific title for a very niche market and it seems like he wrote it for like

商业计划书，那是一个针对非常小众市场的高度具体的标题，看起来他好像是为

you know 14 people and I was one of them and and so I I bought the book I I should have known right away that that

你知道，14个人写的，我是其中之一，所以我买了这本书，我应该马上就知道，

it was a bad idea because that you know Gordon is super super smart and super smart people have a lot to say and and they wanted you know and I I'm pretty

这不是个好主意，因为你知道Gordon超级聪明，超级聪明的人有很多话要说，他们想要，你知道，我相当

sure Gordon wants to teach me how to write a business plan uh completely and so I I picked up this book it's like 450 pages long well I never got through it

确定Gordon想完全教会我如何写商业计划书，所以我拿起这本书，它有450页那么长，我从来没有读完过

not even close I I flipped through it a few pages and I go you know what by the time I'm done reading this this thing

甚至没有接近，我翻了几页，然后我想，你知道，等我读完这本书的时候，

I'll be out of business I'll be out of money and and uh Lori and I only had about 6 months uh in the bank and we had

我已经破产了，我已经没钱了，嗯，Lori和我只有大约6个月的钱在银行里，我们

already Spencer Madison and and uh and a dog and so the five of us had to live off of you know uh whatever money we had

已经有了Spencer、Madison，嗯，还有一只狗，所以我们五个人必须靠，你知道，我们有的任何钱生活

in the bank and and so I didn't have much time uh and so instead of writing the business plan uh I just went to talk

在银行里，所以我没有太多时间，嗯，所以我没有写商业计划书，我只是去和

to to W Coran he turn he called me one day and said hey you know you left the company you didn't even tell me what you

W Coran谈，他有一天打电话给我说，嘿，你知道你离开了公司，你甚至没有告诉我你在

were doing I want you to come back and explain it to me and so I went back and I explained it to Wi and wi wi at the

做什么，我想让你回来解释一下，所以我回去了，我向Wi解释了一下，Wi在

end of it he he said I have no idea what you said and and um that's one of the worst elevator pitches I've ever heard um and then he picked up the phone

最后他说，我完全不知道你在说什么，嗯，这是我听过的最糟糕的电梯推销之一，然后他拿起电话

and he called Don Valentine and he he called Don and he says Don I want you to give I'm going to send a kid over I want

他打电话给Don Valentine，他打电话给Don说，Don，我想让你给，我要派一个年轻人过去，我想

you to give him money he's one of the best employees l logic ever ever had and um I and and so the thing I learned is is

你给他钱，他是LS logic有史以来最好的员工之一，嗯，我学到的是

uh uh you you can make up a great interview you could even have a bad interview but you can't run away from your past and so have a good past you

嗯，你可以编造一个很好的面试，你甚至可以有一个糟糕的面试，但你不能逃避你的过去，所以要有好的过去，你

know try to have a good past and and and in a lot of ways I was serious when I said I was a good dishwasher I was

知道，努力拥有好的过去，在很多方面，当我说我是一个好洗碗工时，我是认真的，我是

probably Denny's best dishwasher um I I planned my work I was organized you know I was Misan plus and then I washed The Living Daylights out

可能是Denny's最好的洗碗工，嗯，我计划我的工作，我很有条理，你知道，我是Misan plus，然后我洗得非常彻底

of the dishes and then and then you know they promoted me to bus I was certain I'm the best bus boy Denny's ever had you know I was I never left a station

盘子，然后，你知道，他们把我提升为服务员，我确信我是Denny's有史以来最好的服务员，你知道，我从来没有空手离开过岗位

with empty-handed I never came back empty-handed I was very efficient and then they and so anyways eventually I became you know a CEO I'm working I'm

我从来没有空手回来过，我非常高效，然后他们，不管怎样，最终我成为了，你知道，一个CEO，我还在工作，我

still working on being being a good CEO but you talk about being the bad you needed to be the best among 89 other companies that were funded after you to

还在努力成为一个好CEO，但你谈到成为最差的，你需要在89家在你之后获得资助的公司中成为最好的，

build the same thing and then with 6 to9 months of Runway left you realized that the initial Vision was just not going to work MH how did you decide what to do

构建同样的东西，然后只剩下6到9个月的跑道，你意识到最初的愿景根本行不通，嗯，你是如何决定做什么的

next to save the company when the cards were so stacked against you well we started uh this company called for Accelerated Computing and the question is what is it for what's the

下一步来拯救公司，当情况对你如此不利时，我们开始了，嗯，这家公司叫做加速计算，问题是它是用来做什么的，什么是

killer app and and uh that was that that came our first great decision um and this is what sequa funded the first great decision was the

杀手级应用，嗯，那是我们的第一个重大决定，嗯，这就是sequa资助的，第一个重大决定是

first killer app was going to be 3D graphics and the the the technology was going to be 3D graphics and the application was going to be video games

第一个杀手级应用将是3D图形，技术将是3D图形，应用将是电子游戏

at the Time 3D Graphics was impossible to make cheap it was Million dooll image generators from Silicon graphics and the video and so it was a

当时3D图形不可能做得便宜，它是来自Silicon graphics的百万美元图像生成器，所以它是

million dollars and and it's hard to make cheap um and the video game Market was0 billion doar so you have this incredible technology that's hard to uh

一百万美元，而且很难做得便宜，嗯，电子游戏市场是0亿美元，所以你有了这项令人难以置信的技术，很难

commoditize and commercialize and then you have this Market that doesn't exist that was that intersection was the founding of our company and and I still

商品化和商业化，然后你有了这个不存在的市场，那个交叉点就是我们公司的成立，我仍然

remember uh when when Don at the end of my presentation uh you know Don was still kind of he he said you know know one of

记得，嗯，当Don在我演示结束时，嗯，你知道，Don还是有点，他说，你知道，其中一个

the things he said to me which made a lot of sense back then makes a lot of sense today he says startups don't invest in startups or startups don't

他对我说的话，那时候很有道理，今天也很有道理，他说初创公司不投资初创公司，或者初创公司不

partner with startups and his point is that in order for NVIDIA to succeed we needed another startup to succeed and that other startup was Electronic

与初创公司合作，他的观点是，为了让NVIDIA成功，我们需要另一家初创公司成功，那家初创公司是Electronic

Arts and and then on the way out he he reminded me that electronic arts's CTO is 14 years old and had to be driven to work by his

Arts，然后在离开的时候，他提醒我，electronic arts的CTO只有14岁，必须由他的

mom and he just wanted to remind me that that's who I'm relying on that that and then and uh and then after that he said

妈妈开车送去上班，他只是想提醒我，这就是我依赖的人，然后，嗯，在那之后他说

if you lose my money I'll kill you and that that was that was kind of my memories of that first meeting uh but nonetheless uh we created

如果你让我亏钱，我会杀了你，那，那是我对那次第一次会面的记忆，嗯，但尽管如此，我们创造了

we created something uh we went on uh the next several years to go create the market to create the gaming market for PCs and it took a long time to do so

我们创造了一些东西，嗯，我们在接下来的几年里继续创造市场，为PC创造游戏市场，这花了很长时间

we're still doing it today uh we realize that not only do you have to create the technology and uh invent a new way of doing computer Graphics so that what was

我们今天还在做，嗯，我们意识到，你不仅要创造技术，嗯，还要发明一种新的计算机图形方法，所以原来

a million dollars is now you know three 400 $500 um that fits in the computer and you have to go create this new market so we have to create technology

一百万美元的东西现在你知道是三四百、五百美元，嗯，可以装进电脑里，你必须去创造这个新市场，所以我们必须创造技术

create markets the idea that a company would create technology create markets defines Nvidia today almost everything we do we create technology we create markets that's that's the reason why

创造市场，一家公司会创造技术、创造市场的想法定义了今天的Nvidia，我们做的几乎所有事情都是创造技术、创造市场，这就是为什么

people say we have a you know people call it a stack an ecosystem words like that um but that's basically it at the core for 30 years what Nvidia realized

人们说我们有一个，你知道，人们称之为堆栈、生态系统之类的词，嗯，但基本上这就是核心，30年来Nvidia意识到

we had to do is in order to uh create the conditions by which somebody could buy our products we had to go invent this new market and uh it's the reason

我们必须做的是，为了，嗯，创造有人可以购买我们产品的条件，我们必须去发明这个新市场，嗯，这就是原因

why we were early in autonomous driving it was the reason why we're early in deep learning it was the reason why we're early and just about all these

为什么我们在自动驾驶方面很早就进入，这就是为什么我们在深度学习方面很早就进入，这就是为什么我们在所有这些方面都很早就进入

things including uh computational drug disc drug design and and Discovery um all these different areas we're trying to create the market while we're creating the technology and so that

事情，包括，嗯，计算药物设计、发现，嗯，所有这些不同的领域，我们在创造技术的同时也在努力创造市场，所以

that's um uh okay and then we got we got going and and then and then um Microsoft introduced uh a standard called direct 3D and that spawned off hundreds of

那是，嗯，好的，然后我们开始，然后，然后，嗯，Microsoft推出了一个叫做direct 3D的标准，这催生了数百个

companies and we found ourselves a couple years later competing with just about everybody and and the thing that that we invented the company the technology we invented uh 3D graphics

公司，几年后我们发现自己在与几乎所有人竞争，我们发明的公司，我们发明的技术，嗯，3D图形

with the consumerized 3D with turns out to be incompatible with direct 3D so we started this company we had this 3D Graphics thing we million-dollar thing

消费化的3D结果与direct 3D不兼容，所以我们创办了这家公司，我们有了这个3D图形的东西，百万美元的东西

we're trying to make it consumerized and so we invented all this technology and then shortly after it became incompatible and um uh so we had to

我们试图让它消费化，所以我们发明了所有这些技术，然后不久之后它变得不兼容，嗯，所以我们不得不

reset the company uh or go out of business but we didn't know how to we didn't know how to build it the way that Microsoft had defined it and um and I

重置公司，嗯，或者倒闭，但我们不知道如何，我们不知道如何按照Microsoft定义的方式构建它，嗯，我

remember I remember a meeting at at you know on a weekend and the conversation was you know we now have 89 competitors uh I understand that the way

记得，我记得在一个周末的一次会议上，你知道，对话是，你知道，我们现在有89个竞争对手，嗯，我理解这种方式

we do it is not not right but we don't know how to do it the right way and and um thankfully there was another bookstore and

我们这样做不对，但我们不知道如何用正确的方式做，嗯，幸运的是，还有另一家书店，

and my daughter on a weekend to fries and and it was sitting right there the openg manual uh which would defined uh how silicon Graphics did

我女儿在一个周末去fries，它就在那里，opengl手册，嗯，它定义了，嗯，silicon Graphics是如何做的

computer graphics and so it was it was right there it was like $68 a book and so I had a couple hundred dollar I bought three books I took it back to the

计算机图形，所以它就在那里，一本书68美元，所以我有了几百美元，我买了三本书，我带回了

office and I said guys I found it our future and I handed out I had three versions of it handed out had a big nice

办公室，我说，伙计们，我找到了，我们的未来，我分发了，我有三个版本，分发了，有一个大的漂亮的

centerfold you know the centerfold is the opengl pipeline which is the computer Graphics Pipeline and um uh and I handed it to uh the same Geniuses that

中心页，你知道，中心页是opengl管道，也就是计算机图形管道，嗯，我把它交给了，嗯，同样的天才，

I founded the company with and we implemented the openg pipeline like nobody had ever implemented the opengl pipeline and we built something the world never seen and so uh a lot of

我创办公司时的人，我们实现了opengl管道，就像没有人曾经实现过opengl管道一样，我们构建了世界从未见过的东西，所以，嗯，很多

lessons are right there that moment in time for our company uh gave us so much confidence and the reason for that is you can succeed in doing something inventing a

教训就在那里，对我们公司来说，那个时刻给了我们如此多的信心，原因是你可以成功地做一些事情，发明一个

future even if you were not informed about it at all and is kind of the my attitude about everything now you know when somebody tells me about something

未来，即使你完全不知道它，这有点像我现在的态度，关于一切，你知道，当有人告诉我一些事情

and I've never heard of it before or if I've heard of it never don't understand how it works at all my first thought is always you know how hard can it be

我从来没有听说过，或者如果我听说过，但完全不知道它是如何工作的，我的第一个想法总是，你知道，这能有多难

and it's probably just a textbook away you know you're probably one archive paper away from figuring this out and so I spent a lot of time reading archive

它可能只是一本教科书的问题，你知道，你可能只需要一篇档案论文就能弄清楚，所以我花了很多时间阅读档案

papers and um and it it's true it's true you can you can um now of course you can't learn how somebody else does something and do it exactly the same way

论文，嗯，这是真的，这是真的，你可以，嗯，当然，现在你不能学习别人如何做某事，然后完全按照同样的方式做

and hope to have a different outcome but you could learn how something can be done and then go back to First principles and ask yourself um giving

并希望有不同的结果，但你可以学习如何做某事，然后回到第一性原理，问自己，嗯，给予

the conditions today given my motivation given the instruments the tools um given you know how things have changed how would I redo this how would I reinvent this whole

今天的条件，考虑到我的动机，考虑到工具，嗯，考虑到，你知道，事情是如何变化的，我会如何重做这个，我会如何重新发明整个

thing how would I design a how would I build a car today would I build it incrementally from 1950s and 1900s how would I build a computer today how would

事情，我会如何设计，我今天会如何建造一辆汽车，我会从1950年代和1900年代逐步建造它吗，我今天会如何建造一台计算机，我会如何

I write software today does that make sense and so I go back to First principles all the time uh even in the company today and just reset ourselves

我今天写软件，这有道理吗，所以我总是回到第一性原理，嗯，即使在今天的公司里，也只是重置我们自己

you know because the world has changed and U the way we wrote software in the past was monolithic and it's designed for supercomputers but now it's

你知道，因为世界已经改变了，嗯，我们过去写软件的方式是单体的，它是为超级计算机设计的，但现在它是

disaggregated it's you know so on so forth and how we think about software today how we think about computers today how we think just always cause your

解耦的，你知道，等等，我们如何思考今天的软件，我们如何思考今天的计算机，我们如何思考，只是总是让你的

company always cause yourself to go back to first first principles and it creates lots and lots of opportunities yeah the way you applied this technology turns to

公司总是让自己回到第一性原理，它创造了大量的机会，是的，你应用这项技术的方式变成了

be revolutionary you get all the momentum that you need to IPO and then some more because you grow your Revenue nine times in the next four years but in

革命性的，你获得了IPO所需的所有动力，然后还有更多，因为你在接下来的四年里收入增长了九倍，但在

the middle of all of this success you decide to Pivot a little bit the focus of innovation happening at Nvidia based on a phone call you have with this

所有这些成功的中间，你决定稍微转向，Nvidia正在发生的创新焦点，基于你与这位

chemistry professor can you tell us about that phone call and how you connected the dots from what you heard to where you went uh remember at the core the company

化学教授的电话，你能告诉我们那次电话，以及你如何从你听到的连接到你去的地方，嗯，记住，公司的核心

was uh pioneering a new way of doing Computing computer Graphics was the first application uh but we already always knew that there would be other

是，嗯，开创一种新的计算方式，计算机图形是第一个应用，嗯，但我们一直知道会有其他

applications and so image processing came particle physics came fluids came so on so forth all kinds of interesting things that we wanted to do uh we made

应用，所以图像处理来了，粒子物理来了，流体来了，等等，所有我们想要做的有趣的事情，嗯，我们让

the processor more programmable so that we could express more algorithms if you will and then one day we invented um uh programable shaders which made all forms

处理器更具可编程性，这样我们可以表达更多算法，如果你愿意的话，然后有一天我们发明了，嗯，可编程着色器，这使得所有形式

of Imaging and computer Graphics programmable that was a great breakthrough so we invented Ed that on top of that we invented uh we we tried

的图像和计算机图形可编程，那是一个重大突破，所以我们发明了，在此基础上，我们发明了，嗯，我们尝试了

to look for ways to express um uh more comp more sophisticated algorithms uh that could be computation that could be computed on our processor which is very

寻找方法来表达，嗯，更复杂、更复杂的算法，嗯，这些算法可以在我们的处理器上计算，这是非常

different than a CPU and so we we created this thing called CG this I think it was 2003 or so C for gpus it predated Cuda by about three

不同于CPU，所以我们创建了这个叫做CG的东西，我想大概是2003年左右，C for gpus，它比Cuda早了大约三年

years um the same person who wrote The textbook that saved the company Mark Hilgard wrote that textbook and um I and so CG was was

年，嗯，写那本拯救公司的教科书的人是Mark Hilgard，他写了那本教科书，嗯，我，所以CG是

super cool we wrote textbooks about it we started teaching people how to use it we developed tools and such um and then several several researchers discovered

超级酷，我们写了关于它的教科书，我们开始教人们如何使用它，我们开发了工具等等，嗯，然后几个研究人员发现了

it uh many of the researchers here students here at Stanford was using it um many of the the engineers that that then became uh engineers at Nvidia were

它，嗯，这里的许多研究人员，这里斯坦福的学生在使用它，嗯，许多后来成为，嗯，Nvidia工程师的工程师

were uh playing with it uh uh a doctor a couple of doctors at at Mass General picked it up and used it for uh CT reconstruction so I flew out

在，嗯，在玩它，嗯，一位医生，Mass General的几位医生拿起了它，用它来做，嗯，CT重建，所以我飞了出去

and saw them and said you know what are you guys doing with this thing and uh they told me about that and then and then uh a um uh a

看到了他们，说，你知道，你们用这个东西在做什么，嗯，他们告诉我了，然后，然后，嗯，一个，嗯，一个

computational a Quantum chemist uh used it to um uh Express his his algorithms and so I I realized that that there's there's some evidence that people might

计算，一位量子化学家，嗯，用它来，嗯，表达他的算法，所以我意识到，有一些证据表明人们可能

want to use this uh and and it gave it gave us gave us you know incrementally more more confidence that that we ought to go do

想使用这个，嗯，它给了我们，给了我们，你知道，逐渐更多的信心，我们应该去做

this that that this field this form of computing could solve problems that normal computers really can't and and um reinforced our belief and and kept us

这个，这个领域，这种计算形式可以解决普通计算机真正无法解决的问题，嗯，加强了我们的信念，让我们

going every time you heard something new you really savored that surprise and that seems to be a theme throughout your leadership at Nvidia U it feels like you

继续，每次你听到新东西，你真的享受那种惊喜，这似乎是你整个Nvidia领导力的主题，嗯，感觉你

make the these bets so far in advance of Technology inflections that when the Apple finally falls from the tree you're standing right there in your black

在技术拐点之前如此提前地做出这些赌注，当苹果最终从树上掉下来时，你正站在那里，穿着你的黑色

leather jacket waiting to catch it how do you find the conv always seems like a diving catch oh it does seem like a diving catch you do things based on

皮夹克等着接住它，你如何找到，总是看起来像是一个俯冲接球，哦，确实看起来像是一个俯冲接球，你基于

core beliefs you know we we uh we we deeply believe that that we uh we could create a computer that solves problems Norm processing can't do that

核心信念做事，你知道，我们，嗯，我们深深相信，我们，嗯，我们可以创造一台计算机，解决普通处理无法做到的问题

there are limits to what a CPU can do there are limits to what general purpose Computing can do and then there are interesting problems uh that we can go

CPU能做的事情有限，通用计算能做的事情有限，然后有一些有趣的问题，嗯，我们可以去

solve the question the question is always are those in interesting problems only or are they can they also be interesting markets because if they're not interesting markets it's not

解决，问题是，这些只是有趣的问题，还是它们也可以是有趣的市场，因为如果它们不是有趣的市场，那就不是

sustainable and Nvidia went through about a decade where we were investing in this future and the markets didn't exist there was only One Market at the

可持续的，Nvidia经历了大约十年，我们在投资这个未来，但市场不存在，只有一个市场在

time was computer Graphics uh for 10 15 years the markets that fuels Nvidia today just didn't exist and so so how do you continue um uh with all of the people

时间是计算机图形，嗯，10到15年，今天推动Nvidia的市场根本不存在，所以，你如何继续，嗯，与所有人

around you you know our company and you know nvidia's management team and all of the amazing Engineers that they're creating this future with me um all of

围绕着你，你知道，我们的公司，你知道，Nvidia的管理团队，以及所有正在与我一起创造这个未来的令人惊叹的工程师，嗯，所有

your shareholders your board of directors all your partners you're you're taking everybody with you and there's no evidence uh of a market that is really really challenging you know

你的股东，你的董事会，所有你的合作伙伴，你正在带着所有人，没有证据，嗯，一个真正具有挑战性的市场，你知道

the fact that the technology can solve problems and the fact that you have research papers that that are used that that are made possible because of it are

技术可以解决问题的事实，以及你拥有研究论文的事实，这些论文被使用，这些论文因为技术而成为可能，是

interesting but you're always looking for that market but nonetheless before a market exists you still need early indicators of future success you know we we have this phrase

有趣的，但你总是在寻找那个市场，但尽管如此，在市场存在之前，你仍然需要未来成功的早期指标，你知道，我们有一个短语

in the company is is you know there's a phrase called key performance indicators unfortunately kpis are hard to understand I find kpis hard to understand what's a good

在公司里是，你知道，有一个短语叫做关键绩效指标，不幸的是，kpis很难理解，我发现kpis很难理解，什么是好的

kpi you know a lot of people you know when when we look for kpis we go gross margins that's not a kpi that's a result you know you're looking for

kpi，你知道，很多人，你知道，当我们寻找kpis时，我们看毛利率，那不是kpi，那是结果，你知道，你在寻找